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Buffalo is the second most populous city in the state of New York. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River, Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area and the seat of Erie County.Erie County Government: Overview. Erie County (New York) Government Home Page, accessed April 16, 2008.</ref> The city itself has a population of 292,648 (2000 Census),<ref name="population">Buffalo city, New York - Fact Sheet. U.S. Census Bureau, accessed April 16, 2008.</ref> and the metropolitan area 1,170,111 (2000 Census),<ref name="metropolitan population">United States and Puerto Rico by Metropolitan Area. U.S. Census Bureau, accessed April 16, 2008.</ref> the 47th most populous in the United States. The Buffalo–Niagara–Cattaraugus Combined Statistical Area is home to 1,254,066 residents.

Originating around 1789 as a small trading community near the eponymous Buffalo Creek,Buffalo grew quickly after the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, with the city as its western terminus. By 1900, Buffalo was the 8th largest city in the country,Table 1. Rank by Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 1790-1990. U.S. Census Bureau, accessed April 16, 2008. and went on to become a major railroad hub,<ref name="railroad">Early Railways in Buffalo. The Buffalonian, accessed April 16, 2008.</ref> the largest grain-milling center in the country,<ref name="milling">"Buffalo as a Flour Milling Center" by Laura O'Day. Economic Geography, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Jan., 1932), pp. 81–93. Published by: Clark University.</ref> and the home of the largest steel-making operation in the world.<ref name="largest steel">The History of Buffalo: A Chronology. Buffalo, New York 1929-1945. Buffalo Architecture and History, accessed April 16, 2008. The latter part of the 20th Century saw a reversal of fortunes: by the year 1990 the city had fallen back below its 1900 population levels. The rerouting of Great Lakes shipping by the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway was a factor in the decline of the city. The closing or relocating of many of the steel mills and other heavy industries in the area also contributed to the decline.


Contents

History

Image:Buffalo Panorama 1911.jpg
Buffalo Panorama 1911
Image:Passenger boats buffalo new york 1909.jpg
Passenger boats at Buffalo 1909
Image:Pan-American Exposition - Ethnology Building at Night.jpg
Pan-American Exposition – Ethnology Building at Night

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The region was originally settled by the Neutral Nation. Later, the Senecas of the Iroquois Confederacy conquered the Neutrals. In 1804, Joseph Ellicott, a principal agent of the Holland Land Company, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes,<ref> XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/ </ref> and is one of only three radial street plans in the US.ftwQzC <a href="http://xspfkhbtcsrl.com/">xspfkhbtcsrl</a>, [url=http://rmpogphgurdp.com/]rmpogphgurdp[/url], [link=http://rvyxtphpxhlk.com/]rvyxtphpxhlk[/link], http://cdwkkzhhqhvw.com/ During the War of 1812, on December 30, 1813, the village of Buffalo was burned by British forces. On November 4, 1825 the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo strategically positioned at the western end of the system. At the time, the population was about 2,400. The Erie Canal brought a surge in population and commerce which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832, with a population of about 10,000 people.

The City of Buffalo has long been home to African-Americans. An example is the 1828 village directory which listed 59 "Names of Coloured" heads of families.<ref> XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/ </ref> In 1845, construction was begun on the Macedonia Baptist Church (commonly called the Michigan Street Baptist Church). This African-American church was an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement. On February 12, 1974 the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Abolitionist leaders such as William Wells Brown made their home in Buffalo.<ref> XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/ </ref> Buffalo was also a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitives crossing the Niagara River from Buffalo to Fort Erie, Ontario and freedom.

During the 1840s, Buffalo's port continued to develop. Both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo.<ref name= "The City of Buffalo 1840-1850" > XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/ </ref> Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor. In 1843, the world's first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart, Jr. and engineer Robert Dunbar. The "Dart Elevator" enabled faster unloading of lake freighters<ref name = "The City of Buffalo 1840-1850"/> and the transshipment of grain in bulk from lakers to canal boats (and, later, rail cars).

Abraham Lincoln visited Buffalo on February 16, 1861, on his way to accept the presidency of the United States. He stayed at the American Hotel on Main Street between Eagle Street and Court Street.<ref name = "The History of Buffalo: A Chronology Buffalo, New York 1841-1865"> XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/ </ref> The Civil War years saw a great increase in the population, increasing from 81,029 to 94,210 in 1865. In addition to sending many soldiers to the Union effort, Buffalo manufacturers supplied important war material. For example, the Niagara Steam Forge Works manufactured turret parts for the ironclad ship USS Monitor.<ref name = "The History of Buffalo: A Chronology Buffalo, New York 1841-1865" />

Image:Lafayette Square, Buffalo, NY.jpg
Lafayette Square c. 1912
Image:Niagara Square, Buffalo, NY.jpg
Niagara Square c. 1912

At the dawn of the 20th Century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated via the Niagara River. The city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting.<ref name="cityjournal">Can Buffalo Ever Come Back? from City Journal</ref> In 1881, Buffalo deployed the first electric street lights in the United States. It was also part of the automobile revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow and the Seven Little Buffaloes early in the century.<ref>Believe it, or not. Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.178.</ref> City of Light (1999) was the title of Buffalo native Lauren Belfer's historical novel set in 1901, which in turn engendered a listing of real vs. fictional persons and places<ref>The History of Buffalo</ref> featured in her pages.

President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6, 1901. He died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States.

The link to Fort Erie, known as the Peace Bridge, was opened in 1927. The splendid Buffalo Central Terminal was finished just weeks before the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

With the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1957, which cut the city off from valuable trade routes; deindustrialization; and the nation-wide trend of suburbanization; the city's economy began to deteriorate. Like much of the Rust Belt, Buffalo, which peaked at more than half a million people in the 1950s, has seen its population decline by almost 50 percent as industries shut down and people left for the suburbs or other cities.

Like many cities across the country, Buffalo is enjoying new investment in the 2000s. Economic development in the city was marked at $4 billion in 2007 compared to a $50 million average for the previous ten years.<ref> XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/ </ref> New proposals and renovations are numerous, especially in the downtown core. Buffalo ranked 83rd on the Forbes best cities for jobs list, an increase from the previous year and a higher ranking than New York City.ftwQzC <a href="http://xspfkhbtcsrl.com/">xspfkhbtcsrl</a>, [url=http://rmpogphgurdp.com/]rmpogphgurdp[/url], [link=http://rvyxtphpxhlk.com/]rvyxtphpxhlk[/link], http://cdwkkzhhqhvw.com/

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Education

Image:PostcardLHS.png
Lafayette High School
Image:City Honors frontview.JPG
City Honors School

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Economy

[[File:20080310 Soldiers and Sailors edit.JPG|thumb|right|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Lafayette Square]]

History

Buffalo and the surrounding area were long involved in railroad commerce, steel manufacture, automobile production, aircraft/aerospace design and production, Great Lakes shipping, and grain storage. Most of these industries have left the city through the years. Major steel production no longer exists in the area, although several smaller steel mills remain in operation. For example, Gibraltar Industries, a leading manufacturer, processor, and distributor of steel products for the building, industrial, and vehicular markets is headquartered in Buffalo. As of the 1950 United States Census, Buffalo was the 15th largest city in the country, the nation's largest inland port (twelfth overall), second biggest rail center, sixth largest steel producer, and eighth largest manufacturer.<ref>oKoJ3r <a href="http://pqlneeyygvzv.com/">pqlneeyygvzv</a>, [url=http://tmjaizpwqtet.com/]tmjaizpwqtet[/url], [link=http://qcjiqotorxbn.com/]qcjiqotorxbn[/link], http://ykzlhrjgvtyf.com/</ref>

The regional economy can now best be described as a mix of industrial, light manufacturing, high technology and service-oriented private sector companies. Instead of relying on a single industry or sector for its economic future, the region has taken a diversified approach that has created opportunities for growth and expansion in the 21st century ftwQzC <a href="http://xspfkhbtcsrl.com/">xspfkhbtcsrl</a>, [url=http://rmpogphgurdp.com/]rmpogphgurdp[/url], [link=http://rvyxtphpxhlk.com/]rvyxtphpxhlk[/link], http://cdwkkzhhqhvw.com/.

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Other

Buffalo is home to Rich Products, one of the world's largest family-owned food manufacturers. Labatt moved its US headquarters to Buffalo in May 2007. This is in large part due to Buffalo's location directly in the middle of the Northeastern Trade Corridor. The city is the heart of the Canadian-American corridor. Over 80% of all U.S.-Canada trade occurs via border crossings in the eastern United States and with five bridges to Canada, the Buffalo area is one of the key eastern border crossing locations.

New Era Cap Company, the largest sports-licensed headwear company in the United States, is based in Buffalo. They opened new headquarters in 2007 in the former Federal Reserve Building in downtown Buffalo.

Ford still maintains operation of its Buffalo Stamping Plant south of the city, and Chevrolet has two plants, a production plant in Tonawanda near the city line, and had a tool and die plant in the city until it was closed in 2008. The windshield wiper was invented in Buffalo, and the Trico company operated 3 major manufacturing facilities but has since closed all of them and moved operations to Mexico. For many years, Buffalo was the nation's second largest rail center, with Chicago being the first.

Merchants Insurance Group, a property & casualty insurance company, has maintained its headquarters in Buffalo, New York, has been offering financial protection to individuals and businessowners since 1918. The company provides commercial and personal property and casualty insurance throughout the Northeast and North Central United States.

Delaware North Companies are headquartered in Buffalo.

Largest private sector employers

Top 10 Private Sector Employers in Western New York - 2008 <ref>Buffalo Niagara Enterprise - Business First 2008 Book of Lists</ref>
Company Industry Fulltime Employees
Kaleida Health Health Care 10,000
Catholic Health System Health Care 8,400
HSBC Bank USA N.A. Commercial Bank 5,848
Employer Services Corp. Employment-related services 4,880
M&T Bank Commercial Bank 4,820
Tops Markets LLC Supermarket Retailer 4,673
Seneca Gaming Corp. Entertainment 4,020
Catholic Diocese of Buffalo Parishes, schools, and institutions 3,700
Wegmans Food Markets Inc. Supermarket Retailer 3,288
Roswell Park Cancer Institute Hospital 2,699

Note: Delphi is no longer included in the list as it employs 2,600 as of June, 2008 Buffalo Business First

A large number of people in Western New York are employed in by Government and public entities. Large numbers of state employees are due to large state universities like State University of New York at Buffalo, State University of New York College at Buffalo and Erie Community College's three campuses. The table below shows Government employment in Western New York, an area significantly larger than the City of Buffalo (2006 figures)

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Government

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Image:Buffalo City Hall - 001.jpg
Buffalo's Art Deco city hall

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At the municipal level, the City of Buffalo has a council made up of the mayor and nine councilmen. Buffalo also serves as the seat of Erie County with 6 of the 15 county legislators representing at least a portion of Buffalo. At the state level, there are three state assemblymen and two state senators representing parts of the city proper. At the federal level, Buffalo is represented by three members of the House of Representatives.

In a trend common to Northern "Rust Belt" regions, political life in Buffalo has been dominated by the Democratic Party for the last half-century, and has been roiled by racial division and social issues. The last time anyone other than a Democrat held the position of Mayor in Buffalo was 1954.<ref>CNN/</ref> Democratic Mayor James D. Griffin, was first elected to office as a nominee of two marginal parties, the Conservative party and the Right-to-Life Party in 1977 when he lost the Democratic primary for Mayor to then Deputy State Assembly Speaker Arthur Eve. Griffin switched political allegiance several times during his 14 years as Mayor, generally hewing to socially conservative platforms. His successor, Democrat Anthony M. Masiello (elected in 1993) continued to campaign on social conservatism, often crossing party lines in his endorsements and alliances. In 2005, however, Democrat Byron Brown was elected the city's first African-American mayor in a landslide (64%-27%) over Republican Kevin Helfer, who ran on a conservative platform.

This change in local politics was preceded by a fiscal crisis in 2003 when years of economic decline, a diminishing tax-base, and civic mismanagement left the city deep in debt and teetering on the edge of bankruptcy. At the urging of New York State Comptroller Alan Hevesi, the state took over the management of Buffalo's finances, appointing the Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority. Conversations about merging the city with the larger Erie County government were initiated the following year by Mayor Tony Masiello, but came to naught.

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Culture

Nicknames

The most common of its monikers The Queen City first appeared in print in the 1840s, referring to the city's status as the second largest city in New York State after New York City. The Queen City was also used during the 1800s to describe Buffalo as the second largest American city on the Great Lakes after Chicago. Buffalo has also been called The Nickel City due to the appearance of a bison on the back of Indian Head nickel in the early part of the 20th century. The City of Good Neighbors refers to the helpful, friendly spirit of its inhabitants. In the early 20th century, the city began calling itself the City of Light both because of the plentiful hydroelectric power made possible by nearby Niagara Falls and because it was the first city in America to have electric street lights.<ref name="cityjournal"/>

People

Buffalo was first settled primarily by New Englanders. The first wave of European immigrants was a large influx of Germans. The city was further populated by Irish immigrants first, Erie Canal builders and then escaping famine, and infused by Polish, Italian and Sicilian, Jewish, and more recently Latino populations, all of which have made it a melting pot of ethnic cultures. The newest immigrants are from Somalia, Sudan and Asia.

The old First Ward in South Buffalo retains a strong Irish identity, and Kaisertown reflects a German heritage. Buffalo's Polonia centered around the Broadway Market on the East Side, a microcosm of Polish/Slavic traditions and delicacies. The East Side is now home to African Americans, many of whom came north during the Great Migration. The annual Juneteenth Festival is a large cultural celebration organized by African Americans<ref>Juneteenth Festival of Buffalo, NY, accessed 7 July 2007</ref> in Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Park.

The West Side is home to the city's Hispanic community, predominantly of Puerto Rican descent. The West Side was once Buffalo's "Little Italy," but in the 1980s much of Buffalo's Italian American community moved to North Buffalo. There is also a small Italian-American enclave in the East Side neighborhood of Lovejoy. Many Buffalo households, churches, and restaurants continue to observe the Sicilian custom of preparing St. Joseph's Day (March 19) tables, at which various meatless Lenten courses are laid out for the poor.

Buffalo is also home to a relatively small Jewish community. German Jewish immigrants originally settled on Buffalo's West Side in the mid-1800s. Lower income Russian Jews and Polish Jews immigrating to the Niagara Frontier in the early 1900s initially settled on the lower East Side, near William Street and Jefferson Avenue. The community migrated to the Masten Park neighborhood on the East Side, and then to North Buffalo between the 1940s and the 1960s. Although many still live in the city, particularly in North Buffalo and the Delaware District on the city's West Side, the majority of the Buffalo area's approximately 26,400 JewsftwQzC <a href="http://xspfkhbtcsrl.com/">xspfkhbtcsrl</a>, [url=http://rmpogphgurdp.com/]rmpogphgurdp[/url], [link=http://rvyxtphpxhlk.com/]rvyxtphpxhlk[/link], http://cdwkkzhhqhvw.com/ now live in the northeastern suburbs of Amherst and Williamsville where the two Jewish Day Schools are located, Kadimah School of Buffalo and Jewish Heritage/Torah U'Masorah Day School. Buffalo's Jewish Community centers are located in the Delaware District and Amherst.

Distancing itself from its industrial past, Buffalo is redefining itself as a cultural, banking, educational, medical center and architectural tourism destination. In 2001 USA Today named Buffalo the winner of its "City with a Heart" contest.<ref>XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/</ref> proclaiming it the nation's "friendliest city." Buffalo is also a two-time winner of the All-America City Award.<ref>XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/</ref>

Food

Image:Bobby2.JPG
Rib dinner
Image:Homemade buffalo wings.jpg
Bowl of "Wings"
Image:Small - Beef on Weck.jpg
Beef on Weck sandwich

As a melting pot of cultures, cuisine in the Buffalo area reflects a variety of influences. These include Italian, Irish, Jewish, German, Polish, African American, Greek, Indian and American influences. Beef on Weck, Wardynski's kielbasa, Sahlen's hot dogs, sponge candy, pierogi, and haddock fish fries are among the local favorites, as is a loganberry-flavored beverage that remains relatively obscure outside of the Western New York and Southern Ontario area.<ref> XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/</ref> Weber's mustard is a well known local producer of horseradish mustard which is popular in the Western NY area. Teressa Bellissimo, the chef/owner of the city's Anchor Bar, first prepared the now-widespread chicken wings here on October 3, 1964.<ref>The New Yorker, </ref> Thousands of Western New Yorkers descend into the city for food festivals during the summer months, such as the Taste of Buffalo and the National Buffalo Wing Festival.<ref>Taste of Buffalo, accessed 7 July 2007</ref> There are also festivals themed around ethnic cuisines such as the Italian, Hellenic and Lebanese festivals.

Local or regional chains with a significant presence in the Buffalo area include Louie's Hot Dogs, Ted's Hot Dogs, Anderson's Frozen Custard,John and Mary's Submarines, Duff's Famous Wings, Jim's Steakout, Just Pizza, Spot Coffee, Tim Hortons, Mighty Taco, Bocce Club and LaNova Pizzeria. Buffalo's pizza is unique, perhaps because Buffalo is geographically located halfway between New York City and Chicago, Illinois, the pizza made is likewise about halfway between thin-crust New York-style pizza and deep-dish Chicago-style pizza.<ref> XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/</ref>

The city is also home to the Pearl Street Brewery and Flying Bison Brewing Company, who continue Buffalo's brewing traditions. Labatt USA, the US operation for Labatt Beer, a Toronto-based brewer, is also headquartered in Buffalo.<ref>Buffalo News</ref>

Buffalo also has several specialty import/grocery stores in old ethnic neighborhoods, and is home to an eclectic collection of cafes and restaurants that serve adventurous, cosmopolitan fare. Locally-owned restaurants offer Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai, Mexican, Italian, Greek, Arab, Indian, Caribbean, Soul Food, and French.<ref>XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/</ref><ref>XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/</ref>

Several well-known food companies are based in Buffalo. Non-dairy whipped topping, later imitated by Cool Whip, was invented in Buffalo in 1945 by Robert E. Rich, Sr. His company, Rich Products, is one of the city's largest private employers. General Mills was organized in Buffalo, and Gold Medal brand flour, Wheaties, Cheerios and other General Mills brand cereals are manufactured here. One of the country's largest cheese manufacturers, Sorrento, has been here since 1947. Archer Daniels Midland also operates its largest flour mill in the city.ftwQzC <a href="http://xspfkhbtcsrl.com/">xspfkhbtcsrl</a>, [url=http://rmpogphgurdp.com/]rmpogphgurdp[/url], [link=http://rvyxtphpxhlk.com/]rvyxtphpxhlk[/link], http://cdwkkzhhqhvw.com/ Buffalo is also home to one of the largest privately held food companies in the world, Delaware North Companies, which operates concessions in sports arenas, stadiums, resorts, and many state & federal parks.<ref>XapDwy <a href="http://wruekseienhy.com/">wruekseienhy</a>, [url=http://eutvakmxmsfn.com/]eutvakmxmsfn[/url], [link=http://whhawopzvspv.com/]whhawopzvspv[/link], http://rhibmiwzocfm.com/ </ref>

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Architecture

Image:Buffalo Japanese Garden.JPG
Buffalo Japanese Garden

Many architectural treasures exist in Buffalo, including:

The country's largest intact parks system designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, including Delaware Park. Buffalo was the first city for which Olmsted designed (in 1869) an interconnected park and parkway system rather than stand-alone parks.

The Guaranty Building, by Louis Sullivan, was one of the first steel-supported, curtain-walled buildings in the world, and its thirteen stories made it, at the time it was built (1895), the tallest building in Buffalo and one of the world's first true skyscrapers.<ref>Louis Sullivan - Guaranty / Prudential Building, accessed 7 July 2007</ref> It is a National Historic Landmark.

The Hotel Buffalo (originally the Statler Hotel) by August Esenwein and James A. Johnson was the first hotel in the world to feature a private bath in each room.

The H. H. Richardson Complex, originally the New York State Asylum for the Insane, is Richardsonian Romanesque in style and was the largest commission designed by prominent architect Henry Hobson Richardson. The grounds of this hospital were designed by Olmsted. Though currently in a state of disrepair, New York State has allocated funds to restore this treasure.

There are several buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright, including the Darwin D. Martin House, George Barton House, William R. Heath House, Walter V. Davidson House, The Graycliff Estate, as well as the now demolished Larkin Administration Building.<ref>William Heath House, accessed 7 July 2007</ref><ref>The Graycliff Estate, accessed 7 July 2007</ref> Constructed in 2007 on Buffalo's Black Rock Canal is a Wright-designed boathouse originally intended, but never built, for the University of Wisconsin-Madison rowing team. Along as a tourist destination, it functionally serves many Buffalo-area rowing clubs. Buffalo has more Frank Lloyd Wright buildings than any other city except Chicago.

The Buffalo City Hall building by George Dietel and John J. Wade is a spectacular art deco skyscraper and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Other notable buildings: [[File:20070223 AlbrightKnox Art Gallery.JPG|thumb|Albright-Knox Art Gallery from Elmwood Avenue]]

Buffalo City Hall building's art deco
Darwin D. Martin House by Frank Lloyd Wright
Kleinhans Music Hall by Eliel and Eero Saarinen
Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society
Erie County Hall
Asbury Delaware Church
Buffalo Central Terminal
Electric Building

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Other points of interest

Image:U.S.S. Little Rock 6.1.jpg
Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park

Transportation

Airport

Buffalo is served by the Buffalo Niagara International Airport, located in Cheektowaga. The airport, recently re-constructed, serves over 5 million passengers a year and is still growing. Buffalo Niagara International Airport ranks among the five cheapest airports from which to fly in the country, according to the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The average round trip flight cost is $295.58.<ref> MmYJRu <a href="http://czfgkjtfzxoh.com/">czfgkjtfzxoh</a>, [url=http://hjpuxktyznea.com/]hjpuxktyznea[/url], [link=http://kroacwgrotje.com/]kroacwgrotje[/link], http://iqunsycgfukn.com/ </ref> In the last few years there has been a surge in Canadians flying out of Buffalo, mainly due to much cheaper tax and airline surcharges, as compared with Canadian airports and the ability to fly on some US based discount carriers not available in Canada. As of 2006, plans are in the works by U.S. Senator Charles Schumer to make the under-used Niagara Falls International Airport into an international cargo hub for New York and Toronto, as well as Canada as a whole.<ref> MmYJRu <a href="http://czfgkjtfzxoh.com/">czfgkjtfzxoh</a>, [url=http://hjpuxktyznea.com/]hjpuxktyznea[/url], [link=http://kroacwgrotje.com/]kroacwgrotje[/link], http://iqunsycgfukn.com/ </ref> [[File:Main Court Building, Buffalo.JPG|right|thumb|The Metro Rail in downtown]]

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Waterways

Buffalo is at the eastern end of Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes, which boasts the greatest variety of freshwater sportfish in the country. The Lake serves as a playground for numerous personal yachts, sailboats, power boats and watercraft, and provides a short water route to excellent sand beaches on the nearby Ontario (Canada) shore. The city has an extensive breakwall system protecting its inner and outer Lake Erie harbors, which are maintained at commercial navigation depths for Great Lakes freighters.

A Lake Erie tributary that flows through south Buffalo is the Buffalo River, for which the city is named. Buffalo is historically linked to the fabled Erie Canal, which ends where the Black Rock Channel enters Lake Erie. When the Canal was dedicated in 1825, its conceiver, New York State governor DeWitt Clinton took waters from Lake Erie at Buffalo's Western Terminus of the Canal (now the Commercial Slip). He sailed to New York City on the Canal packet Seneca Chief, which later returned to Buffalo with Atlantic Ocean water. The seawater was poured into the Lake by Judge and future Buffalo Mayor Samuel Wilkeson. Once a major route for passengers and cargo, the Canal is now used primarily for pleasure craft and some light local freight, and in Buffalo it bypasses the swift upper reach of the Niagara River. A tributary of the Niagara River is Scajaquada Creek, which flows though Buffalo, via the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Delaware Lake and Park.

National and state highway access

Image:Buffalo area road network map.png
Major highways that serve the Greater Buffalo area

Federal offices

US Army Corps of Engineers

The offices of the Buffalo District, US Army Corps of Engineers are located adjacent to the Black Rock Lock in the Black Rock channel of the Erie Canal. In addition to maintaining and operating the lock, the District is responsible for planning, design, construction and maintenance of water resources projects in an area extending from Toledo, Ohio to Massena, New York. These include the flood-control dam at Mount Morris, New York, oversight of the lower Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario), review and permitting of wetlands construction, and remedial action for hazardous waste sites.

Buffalo is also the home of a major office of the National Weather Service (NOAA), which serves all of western and much of central New York State.

Federal courts

Buffalo is also the location of the chief judge, United States Attorney, and administrative offices for the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

"As the upstate regional presence of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Buffalo Branch promotes regional vitality by providing economic intelligence and analysis to inform and enable decisionmakers to advance better outcomes for the upstate New York economy."

Sports teams

Current teams

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Sport League Club Founded Venue League championships Championship years
Football NFL Buffalo Bills 1960 Ralph Wilson Stadium 2* 1964,1965*
Hockey NHL Buffalo Sabres 1970 HSBC Arena 0
Baseball IL Buffalo Bisons 1979 Coca-Cola Field 3 1997, 1998, 2004
Lacrosse NLL Buffalo Bandits 1992 HSBC Arena 4 1992, 1993, 1996, 2008
Basketball PBL Buffalo Stampede 2008 Koessler Athletic Center 0 N/A
Soccer NPSL Buffalo City FC 2008 Nichols School 0 N/A
Arena Football AF2 TBD<ref name="af2">BuffaloNews.com Accessed May 27, 2008</ref> 2009 HSBC Arena 0 N/A
Soccer USL W-League Buffalo Flash<ref name="Wleague">United Soccer Leagues (USL)</ref> 2009 Orchard Park High School 0 N/A
* Championships listed are American Football League championships, not NFL championships. The Bills have never won an NFL championship (Super Bowl).

Former teams

Media

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Sister cities

Buffalo has a number of sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International (SCI):<ref>New York State Sister Cities. Sister Cities, Inc.</ref><ref>Sister Cities from Buffalo's website</ref>

Honorary consulates in Buffalo

See also

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References

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Further reading

External links

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Northwest: Grand Island North: Kenmore, Tonawanda Northeast: Amherst
West: Fort Erie, Niagara River Buffalo East: Sloan, Cheektowaga
Southwest: Lake Erie South: Lackawanna Southeast: West Seneca

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